6.1.1.1 Acquiring the Input

The Aperture Delay, t_AD, is the amount of delay, measured from the sampling edge of the clock input, after which signal present at the input pin is sampled inside the device. Data is acquired at the rising edge of CLK+ in Non-DES Mode and both the falling and rising edges of CLK+ in DES Mode. In Non-DES Mode, the I- and Q-channels always sample data on the rising edge of CLK+. In DES Mode, that is, DESI, DESQ, DESIQ, and DESCLKIQ, the I-channel samples data on the rising edge of CLK+ and the Q-channel samples data on the falling edge of CLK+. The digital equivalent of that data is available at the digital outputs a constant number of sampling clock cycles later for the DI, DQ, DId and DQd output buses, a.k.a. Latency, depending on the demultiplex mode which is selected. In addition to the Latency, there is a constant output delay, t_OD, before the data is available at the outputs. See t_OD in the timing diagrams. See t_LAT, t_AD, and t_ODin Electrical Characteristics: AC.

6.1.1.2 Driving the ADC in DES Mode

The ADC12D1x00RF can be configured as either a 2-channel, 1600/1000 GSPS device (Non-DES Mode) or a 1-channel 3.2/2.0 GSPS device (DES Mode). When the device is configured in DES Mode, there is a choice for with which input to drive the single-channel ADC. These are the 3 options:

DES – externally driving the I-channel input only. This is the default selection when the ADC is configured in DES Mode. It may also be referred to as “DESI” for added clarity.

DESQ – externally driving the Q-channel input only.

DESIQ, DESCLKIQ – externally driving both the I- and Q-channel inputs. VinI+ and VinQ+ should be driven with the exact same signal. VinI- and VinQ- should be driven with the exact same signal, which is the differential compliment to the one driving VinI+ and VinQ+.

The input impedance for each I- and Q-input is 100-Ω differential (or 50-Ω single-ended), so the trace to each VinI+, VinI-, VinQ+, and VinQ- should always be 50-Ω single-ended. If a single I- or Q-input is being driven, then that input will present a 100-Ω differential load. For example, if a 50-Ω single-ended source is driving the ADC, then a 1:2 balun will transform the impedance to 100-Ω differential. However, if the ADC is being driven in DESIQ Mode, then the 100-Ω differential impedance from the I-input will appear in parallel with the Q-input for a composite load of 50-Ω differential and a 1:1 balun would be appropriate. See Figure 6-1 for an example circuit driving the ADC in DESIQ Mode. A recommended part selection is using the Mini-Circuits TC1-1-13MA+ balun with Ccouple = 0.22 µF.

Figure 6-1 Driving DESIQ Mode

In the case that only one channel is used in Non-DES Mode or that the ADC is driven in DESI or DESQ Mode, the unused analog input should be terminated to reduce any noise coupling into the ADC. See Table 6-1 for details.* The timing for these figures is shown for the one input only (I or Q). However, both I- and Q-inputs may be used. For this case, the I-channel functions precisely the same as the Q-channel, with VinI, DCLKI, DId, and DI instead of VinQ, DCLKQ, DQd, and DQ. Both I- and Q-channel use the same CLK.

6.1.1.3 FSR and the Reference Voltage

The full-scale analog differential input range (V_{IN_FSR}) of the ADC12D1x00RF is derived from an internal bandgap reference. In Non-ECM, this full-scale range has two settings controlled by the FSR Pin; see Full-Scale Input Range Pin (FSR). The FSR Pin operates on both I- and Q-channels. In ECM, the full-scale range may be independently set for each channel through Addr:3h and Bh with 15 bits of precision; see Memory. The best SNR is obtained with a higher full-scale input range, but better distortion and SFDR are obtained with a lower full-scale input range. It is not possible to use an external analog reference voltage to modify the full-scale range, and this adjustment should only be done digitally, as described.

A buffered version of the internal bandgap reference voltage is made available at the V_BG Pin for the user. The V_BG pin can drive a load of up to 80 pF and source or sink up to 100 μA. It should be buffered if more current than this is required. This pin remains as a constant reference voltage regardless of what full-scale range is selected and may be used for a system reference. V_BG is a dual-purpose pin and it may also be used to select a higher LVDS output common-mode voltage; see LVDS Output Common-mode Pin (VBG).

6.1.1.4 Out-Of-Range Indication

Differential input signals are digitized to 12 bits, based on the full-scale range. Signal excursions beyond the full-scale range, that is, greater than +V_{IN_FSR}/2 or less than -V_{IN_FSR}/2, will be clipped at the output. An input signal which is above the FSR will result in all 1's at the output and an input signal which is below the FSR will result in all 0's at the output. When the conversion result is clipped for the I-channel input, the Out-of-Range I-channel (ORI) output is activated such that ORI+ goes high and ORI- goes low while the signal is out of range. This output is active as long as accurate data on either or both of the buses would be outside the range of 000h to FFFh. The Q-channel has a separate ORQ which functions similarly.

6.1.1.5 Maximum Input Range

The recommended operating and absolute maximum input range may be found in Recommended Operating Condtions and Absolute Maximum Ratings, respectively. Under the stated allowed operating conditions, each Vin+ and Vin- input pin may be operated in the range from 0 V to 2.15 V if the input is a continuous 100% duty cycle signal and from 0 V to 2.5 V if the input is a 10% duty cycle signal. The absolute maximum input range for Vin+ and Vin- is from –0.15 V to 2.5 V. These limits apply only for input signals for which the input common-mode voltage is properly maintained.

6.1.1.6 AC-Coupled Input Signals

The ADC12D1x00RF analog inputs require a precise common-mode voltage. This voltage is generated on-chip when AC-coupling Mode is selected. See AC/DC-Coupled Mode Pin (VCMO) for more information about how to select AC-coupled Mode.

In AC-coupled Mode, the analog inputs must of course be AC-coupled. For an ADC12D1x00RF used in a typical application, this may be accomplished by on-board capacitors, as shown in Figure 6-2. For the ADC12D1600RFRB, the SMA inputs on the Reference Board are directly connected to the analog inputs on the ADC12D1600RF, so this may be accomplished by DC blocks (included with the hardware kit).

When the AC-coupled Mode is selected, an analog input channel that is not used (for example, in DES Mode) should be connected to AC ground, for example, through capacitors to ground. Do not connect an unused analog input directly to ground.

Figure 6-2 AC-Coupled Differential Input

The analog inputs for the ADC12D1x00RF are internally buffered, which simplifies the task of driving these inputs and the RC pole which is generally used at sampling ADC inputs is not required. If the user desires to place an amplifier circuit before the ADC, care should be taken to choose an amplifier with adequate noise and distortion performance, and adequate gain at the frequencies used for the application.

6.1.1.7 DC-Coupled Input Signals

In DC-coupled Mode, the ADC12D1x00RF differential inputs must have the correct common-mode voltage. This voltage is provided by the device itself at the V_CMO output pin. TI recommends using this voltage because the V_CMO output potential will change with temperature and the common-mode voltage of the driving device should track this change. Full-scale distortion performance falls off as the input common-mode voltage deviates from V_CMO. Therefore, TI recommends keeping the input common-mode voltage within 100 mV of V_CMO (typical), although this range may be extended to ±150 mV (maximum). See V_CMI in Electrical Characteristics: Analog Input/Output and Reference and ENOB vs. V_CMI in Typical Characteristics . Performance in AC- and DC-coupled Mode are similar, provided that the input common-mode voltage at both analog inputs remains within 100 mV of V_CMO.

6.1.1.8 Single-Ended Input Signals

The analog inputs of the ADC12D1x00RF are not designed to accept single-ended signals. The best way to handle single-ended signals is to first convert them to differential signals before presenting them to the ADC. The easiest way to accomplish single-ended to differential signal conversion is with an appropriate balun-transformer, as shown in Figure 6-3.

Figure 6-3 Single-Ended to Differential Conversion Using a Balun

When selecting a balun, it is important to understand the input architecture of the ADC. The impedance of the analog source should be matched to the ADC12D1x00RF's ON-chip 100-Ω differential input termination resistor. The range of this termination resistor is specified as R_IN in Electrical Characteristics: Analog Input/Output and Reference.

6.1.2.1 CLK Coupling

The clock inputs of the ADC12D1x00RF must be capacitively coupled to the clock pins as indicated in Figure 6-4.

Figure 6-4 Differential Input Clock Connection

The choice of capacitor value will depend on the clock frequency, capacitor component characteristics and other system economic factors. For example, on the ADC12D1600RFRB, the capacitors have the value C_couple = 4.7 nF which yields a highpass cutoff frequency, f_c = 677.2 kHz.

6.1.2.2 CLK Frequency

Although the ADC12D1x00RF is tested and its performance is ensured with a differential 1- or 1.6-GHz sampling clock, it will typically function well over the input clock frequency range; see f_CLK(min) and f_CLK(max) in Electrical Characteristics: AC. Operation up to f_CLK(max) is possible if the maximum ambient temperatures indicated are not exceeded. Operating at sample rates above f_CLK(max) for the maximum ambient temperature may result in reduced device reliability and product lifetime. This is due to the fact that higher sample rates results in higher power consumption and die temperatures. If f_CLK < 300 MHz, enable LFS in the Control Register (Addr: 0h, Bit 8).

6.1.2.3 CLK Level

The input clock amplitude is specified as V_{IN_CLK} in Electrical Characteristics: Sampling Clock. Input clock amplitudes above the max V_{IN_CLK} may result in increased input offset voltage. This would cause the converter to produce an output code other than the expected 2047/2048 when both input pins are at the same potential. Insufficient input clock levels will result in poor dynamic performance. Both of these results may be avoided by keeping the clock input amplitude within the specified limits of V_{IN_CLK}.

6.1.2.4 CLK Duty Cycle

The duty cycle of the input clock signal can affect the performance of any A/D converter. The ADC12D1x00RF features a duty cycle clock correction circuit which can maintain performance over the 20%-to-80% specified clock duty-cycle range. This feature is enabled by default and provides improved ADC clocking, especially in the Dual-Edge Sampling (DES) Mode.

6.1.2.5 CLK Jitter

High speed, high performance ADCs such as the ADC12D1x00RF require a very stable input clock signal with minimum phase noise or jitter. ADC jitter requirements are defined by the ADC resolution (number of bits), maximum ADC input frequency and the input signal amplitude relative to the ADC input full scale range. The maximum jitter (the sum of the jitter from all sources) allowed to prevent a jitter-induced reduction in SNR is found to be

t_J(MAX) is the square root of the sum of the squares (RSS) of the jitter from all sources, including: the ADC input clock, system, input signals and the ADC itself. Because the effective jitter added by the ADC is beyond user control, TI recommends keeping the sum of all other externally added jitter to a minimum.

6.1.2.6 CLK Layout

The ADC12D1x00RF clock input is internally terminated with a trimmed 100-Ω resistor. The differential input clock line pair should have a characteristic impedance of 100 Ω and (when using a balun), be terminated at the clock source in that (100 Ω) characteristic impedance.

It is a good practice to keep the ADC input clock line as short as possible, tightly coupled, keep it well away from any other signals, and treat it as a transmission line. Otherwise, other signals can introduce jitter into the input clock signal. Also, the clock signal can introduce noise into the analog path if it is not properly isolated.

6.1.3.1 Common-Mode and Differential Voltage

The LVDS outputs have selectable common-mode and differential voltage, V_OS and V_OD; see Electrical Characteristics: Digital Control and Output Pin. See Output Control and Adjust for more information.

Selecting the higher V_OS will also increase V_OD slightly. The differential voltage, V_OD, may be selected for the higher or lower value. For short LVDS lines and low noise systems, satisfactory performance may be realized with the lower V_OD. This will also result in lower power consumption. If the LVDS lines are long and/or the system in which the ADC12D1x00RF is used is noisy, it may be necessary to select the higher V_OD.

6.1.3.2 Output Data Rate

The data is produced at the output at the same rate it is sampled at the input. The minimum recommended input clock rate for this device is f_CLK(MIN); see Electrical Characteristics: AC. However, it is possible to operate the device in 1:2 Demux Mode and capture data from just one 12-bit bus, for example, just DI (or DId) although both DI and DId are fully operational. This will decimate the data by two and effectively halve the data rate.

6.1.3.3 Terminating Unused LVDS Output Pins

If the ADC is used in Non-Demux Mode, then only the DI and DQ data outputs will have valid data present on them. The DId and DQd data outputs may be left not connected; if unused, they are internally tri-stated.

Similarly, if the Q-channel is powered-down (that is, PDQ is logic-high), the DQ data output pins, DCLKQ and ORQ may be left not connected.

Table 6-2 Unused AutoSync and DCLK Reset Pin Recommendation

6.1.4.1 AutoSync Feature

AutoSync is a new feature which continuously synchronizes the outputs of multiple ADC12D1x00RFs in a system. The feature may be used to synchronize the DCLK and data outputs of one or more Slave ADC12D1x00RFs to one Master ADC12D1x00RF. Several advantages of this feature include: no special synchronization pulse required, any upset in synchronization is recovered upon the next DCLK cycle, and the Master/Slave ADC12D1x00RFs may be arranged as a binary tree so that any upset will quickly propagate out of the system.

An example system is shown below in Figure 6-5 which consists of one Master ADC and two Slave ADCs. For simplicity, only one DCLK is shown; in reality, there is DCLKI and DCLKQ, but they are always in phase with one another.

Figure 6-5 AutoSync Example

To synchronize the DCLK (and Data) outputs of multiple ADCs, the DCLKs must transition at the same time, as well as be in phase with one another. The DCLK at each ADC is generated from the CLK after some latency, plus t_OD minus t_AD. Therefore, in order for the DCLKs to transition at the same time, the CLK signal must reach each ADC at the same time. To tune out any differences in the CLK path to each ADC, the t_AD adjust feature may be used. However, using the t_AD adjust feature will also affect when the DCLK is produced at the output. If the device is in Demux Mode, then there are four possible phases which each DCLK may be generated on because the typical CLK = 1GHz and DCLK = 250 MHz for this case. The RCLK signal controls the phase of the DCLK, so that each Slave DCLK is on the same phase as the Master DCLK.

The AutoSync feature may only be used through the Control Registers. For more information, see AN-2132 Synchronizing Multiple GSPS ADCs in a System: The AutoSync Feature (SNAA073).

6.1.4.2 DCLK Reset Feature

The DCLK reset feature is available through ECM, but it is disabled by default. DCLKI and DCLKQ are always synchronized, by design, and do not require a pulse from DCLK_RST to become synchronized.

The DCLK_RST signal must observe certain timing requirements, which are shown in Figure 4-5 of the Timing Diagrams. The DCLK_RST pulse must be of a minimum width and its deassertion edge must observe setup and hold times with respect to the CLK input rising edge. These timing specifications are listed as t_PWR, t_SR and t_HR and may be found in Electrical Characteristics: AC.

The DCLK_RST signal can be asserted asynchronously to the input clock. If DCLK_RST is asserted, the DCLK output is held in a designated state (logic-high) in Demux Mode; in Non-Demux Mode, the DCLK continues to function normally. Depending upon when the DCLK_RST signal is asserted, there may be a narrow pulse on the DCLK line during this reset event. When the DCLK_RST signal is deasserted, there are t_{SYNC_DLY} CLK cycles of systematic delay and the next CLK rising edge synchronizes the DCLK output with those of other ADC12D1x00RFs in the system. For 90° Mode (DDRPh = logic-high), the synchronizing edge occurs on the rising edge of CLK, 4 cycles after the first rising edge of CLK after DCLK_RST is released. For 0° Mode (DDRPh = logic-low), this is 5 cycles instead. The DCLK output is enabled again after a constant delay of t_OD.

For both Demux and Non-Demux Modes, there is some uncertainty about how DCLK comes out of the reset state for the first DCLK_RST pulse. For the second (and subsequent) DCLK_RST pulses, the DCLK will come out of the reset state in a known way. Therefore, if using the DCLK Reset feature, TI recommends applying one "dummy" DCLK_RST pulse before using the second DCLK_RST pulse to synchronize the outputs. This recommendation applies each time the device or channel is powered-on.

When using DCLK_RST to synchronize multiple ADC12D1x00RFs, it is required that the Select Phase bits in the Control Register (Addr: Eh, Bits 3,4) be the same for each Master ADC12D1x00RF.

6.1.5.1 Temperature Sensor

The ADC12D1x00RF has an on-die temperature diode connected to pins Tdiode+/- which may be used to monitor the die temperature. TI also provides a family of temperature sensors for this application which monitor different numbers of external devices, see Table 6-3.

The temperature sensor (LM95235/13/14) is an 11-bit digital temperature sensor with a 2-wire System Management Bus (SMBus) interface that can monitor the temperature of one, two, or four remote diodes as well as its own temperature. It can be used to accurately monitor the temperature of up to one, two, or four external devices such as the ADC12D1x00RF, a FPGA, other system components, and the ambient temperature.

The temperature sensor reports temperature in two different formats for 127.875°C/–128°C range and 0°/255°C range. It has a Sigma-Delta ADC core which provides the first level of noise immunity. For improved performance in a noisy environment, the temperature sensor includes programmable digital filters for Remote Diode temperature readings. When the digital filters are invoked, the resolution for the Remote Diode readings increases to 0.03125°C. For maximum flexibility and best accuracy, the temperature sensor includes offset registers that allow calibration for other types of diodes.

Diode fault detection circuitry in the temperature sensor can detect the absence or fault state of a remote diode: whether D+ is shorted to the power supply, D- or ground, or floating.

In the following typical application, the LM95213 is used to monitor the temperature of an ADC12D1x00RF as well as an FPGA, see Figure 6-6. If this feature is unused, the Tdiode+/- pins may be left floating.

Figure 6-6 Typical Temperature Sensor Application

6.1.5.2 Clocking Device

The clock source can be a PLL/VCO device such as the LMX2531LQxxxx family of products. The specific device should be selected according to the desired ADC sampling clock frequency. The ADC12D1600RFRB uses the LMX2531LQ1570E, with the ADC clock source provided by the Aux PLL output. Other devices which may be considered based on clock source, jitter cleaning, and distribution purposes are the LMK01XXX, LMK02XXX, LMK03XXX, and LMK04XXX product families.

6.1.5.3 Amplifiers for the Analog Input

The following amplifiers can be used for ADC12D1x00RF applications which require DC coupled input or signal gain, neither of which can be provided with a transformer coupled input circuit:

6.1.5.4 Balun Recommendations for Analog Input

The following baluns are recommended for the ADC12D1x00RF for applications which require no gain. When evaluating a balun for the application of driving an ADC, some important qualities to consider are phase error and magnitude error.

Table 6-6 Design Parameters

Table 6-7 ADC12D1600RF Performance for Single Tone Signal at 1797.97 MHz in Non-DES Mode

Table 6-8 ADC12D1600RF Performance for Single Tone Signal at 997.97 MHz in DES Mode